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DNA synthesis or replication is the basic biological process of all living organisms and cellular reproduction. DNA strands encoded into chromosomes and there accompanying book end of telomeres are well indicated in cancer formation. When the enzymatic process enabled by telomerase becomes mistakenly active, leading to excessive cell replication and tumor manifestation.

DNA replication errors, implicated by mutational and other cellular stressors, are normally regulated through processes of proofreading and mismatch repair instigated by DNA polymerase. The wrong nucleotide in the wrong place on the new strand can be corrected during normal processes with a high degree of accuracy (> 99%).

Any remaining errors resulting in incorrect positioning of nucleotides become permanent mutations after the next cell division as the cell regulatory mechanisms now read the change as normal.